课时分层作业(二十四) 数乘向量 向量的线性运算
(建议用时:60分钟)
[合格基础练]
一、选择题
1.化简:等于( )
A.a-eq \f(1,4)b+2c B.5a-eq \f(1,4)b+2c
C.a+eq \f(5,4)b+2c D.5a+eq \f(5,4)b
A=(3a-2a)++(c+c)=a-eq \f(1,4)b+2c.故选A.]
2.在四边形ABCD中,若eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))=3a,eq \o(CD,\s\up12(→))=-5a,且|eq \o(AD,\s\up12(→))|=|eq \o(BC,\s\up12(→))|,则四边形ABCD是( )
A.平行四边形 B.菱形
C.等腰梯形 D.非等腰梯形
C [由eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))∥eq \o(DC,\s\up12(→))且|eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))|≠|eq \o(DC,\s\up12(→))|知,四边形ABCD是梯形.又|eq \o(AD,\s\up12(→))|=|eq \o(BC,\s\up12(→))|,知梯形ABCD是等腰梯形.]
3.在平行四边形ABCD中,AC与BD相交于点O,E是线段OD的中点,AE的延长线交DC于点F,若eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))=a,eq \o(AD,\s\up12(→))=b,则eq \o(AF,\s\up12(→))=( )
A.eq \f(1,3)a+b B.eq \f(1,2)a+b
C.a+eq \f(1,3)b D.a+eq \f(1,2)b
A [由已知条件可知BE=3DE,所以DF=eq \f(1,3)AB,所以eq \o(AF,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(AD,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(DF,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(AD,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(1,3)eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,3)a+b.]
4.若向量方程2x-3(x-2a)=0,则向量x等于( )
A.eq \f(6,5)a B.-6a
C.6a D.-eq \f(6,5)a
C [由题意得:2x-3x+6a=0,
所以有x=6a.]
5.设P是△ABC所在平面内一点,且eq \o(BC,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(BA,\s\up12(→))=2eq \o(BP,\s\up12(→)),则( )
A.eq \o(PA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(PB,\s\up12(→))=0 B.eq \o(PC,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(PA,\s\up12(→))=0
C.eq \o(PB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(PC,\s\up12(→))=0 D.eq \o(PA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(PB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(PC,\s\up12(→))=0
B [因为eq \o(BC,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(BA,\s\up12(→))=2eq \o(BP,\s\up12(→)),所以点P为线段AC的中点,故选项B正确.]
二、填空题
6.化简2(a-3b)+3(2b-a)=________.
-a [2(a-3b)+3(2b-a)=2a-6b+6b-3a=-a.]
7.设a,b是两个不共线的非零向量.若向量ka+2b与8a+kb的方向相反,则k=________.
-4 [∵向量ka+2b与8a+kb的方向相反,
∴ka+2b=λ(8a+kb)?k=8λ,2=λk?k=-4(∵方向相反,∴λ<0?k<0).]
8.若eq \o(AP,\s\up12(→))=teq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))(t∈R),O为平面上任意一点,则eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))=________.(用eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→)),eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))表示)
(1-t)eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+teq \o(OB,\s\up12(→)) [eq \o(AP,\s\up12(→))=teq \o(AB,\s\up12(→)),eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=t(eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))),
eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+teq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))-teq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=(1-t)eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+teq \o(OB,\s\up12(→)).]
三、解答题
9.计算:
(1)4(a+b)-3(a-b)-8a;
(2)(5a-4b+c)-2(3a-2b+c);
[解] (1)原式=4a+4b-3a+3b-8a=-7a+7b.
(2)原式=5a-4b+c-6a+4b-2c=-a-c.
(3)原式=eq \f(2,3)eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(4a-3b+\f(1,3)b-\f(3,2)a+\f(7,4)b))
=eq \f(2,3)eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(\f(5,2)a-\f(11,12)b))
=eq \f(5,3)a-eq \f(11,18)b.
10.如图所示,四边形OADB是以向量eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=a,eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))=b为邻边的平行四边形.又BM=eq \f(1,3)BC,CN=eq \f(1,3)CD,试用a,b表示eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→)),eq \o(ON,\s\up12(→)),eq \o(MN,\s\up12(→)).
[解] eq \o(BM,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,3)eq \o(BC,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,6)eq \o(BA,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,6)(eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→)))
=eq \f(1,6)(a-b),
所以eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(BM,\s\up12(→))=b+eq \f(1,6)a-eq \f(1,6)b=eq \f(1,6)a+eq \f(5,6)b.
eq \o(CN,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,3)eq \o(CD,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,6)eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)),
所以eq \o(ON,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OC,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(CN,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,2)eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(1,6)eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))
=eq \f(2,3)eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(2,3)(eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→)))=eq \f(2,3)(a+b)=eq \f(2,3)a+eq \f(2,3)b.
eq \o(MN,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(ON,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→))
=eq \f(2,3)a+eq \f(2,3)b-eq \f(1,6)a-eq \f(5,6)b=eq \f(1,2)a-eq \f(1,6)b.
[等级过关练]
1.已知O是△ABC所在平面内一点,D为BC边中点,且2eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(OC,\s\up12(→))=0,则( )
A.eq \o(AO,\s\up12(→))=2eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)) B.eq \o(AO,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))
C.eq \o(AO,\s\up12(→))=3eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)) D.2eq \o(AO,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))
B [因为D为BC的中点,所以eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(OC,\s\up12(→))=2eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)),所以2eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+2eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→))=0,
所以eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=-eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)),所以eq \o(AO,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OD,\s\up12(→)).]
2.已知△ABC和点M满足eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MC,\s\up12(→))=0.若存在实数m使得eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(AC,\s\up12(→))=meq \o(AM,\s\up12(→))成立,则m=( )
A.2 B.3
C.4 D.5
B [因为eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MC,\s\up12(→))=0,
所以eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(AC,\s\up12(→))=0,
从而有eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(AC,\s\up12(→))=-3eq \o(MA,\s\up12(→))=3eq \o(AM,\s\up12(→))=meq \o(AM,\s\up12(→)),故有m=3.]
3.若eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=3e1,eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))=3e2,且P是线段AB靠近点A的一个三等分点,则向量eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))用e1,e2可表示为eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))=________.
2e1+e2 [如图,
eq \o(OP,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \o(AP,\s\up12(→))=eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(1,3)eq \o(AB,\s\up12(→))
=eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(1,3)(eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→)))
=eq \f(1,3)eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(2,3)eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(1,3)×3e2+eq \f(2,3)×3e1=2e1+e2.]
4.已知eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→))=eq \f(2,3)eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))+eq \f(1,3)eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→)).设eq \o(AM,\s\up12(→))=λeq \o(AB,\s\up12(→)),那么实数λ的值是________.
eq \f(1,3) [因为eq \o(AM,\s\up12(→))=λeq \o(AB,\s\up12(→)),所以eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))=λ(eq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))-eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→))),
即eq \o(OM,\s\up12(→))=λeq \o(OB,\s\up12(→))+(1-λ)eq \o(OA,\s\up12(→)),
又因为eq \o(
- VIP免费下载
- 下载文档
- 收藏
- 分享 赏
- 0
文档评论(0)